The magazine
Sources
Every document we cite, grouped by who wrote it, with the date we read it.
39 documents · how we choose them
Food and chemicals agencies
Risk assessors and public agencies: BfR, EFSA, ECHA, IARC, UNEP.
- Selected questions and answers on cookware, ovenware and frying pans with a non-stick coating made of PTFE
German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 2025-07-02. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- PFAS in food: EFSA assesses risks and sets tolerable intake
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2020-09-17. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): restriction proposals and status
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- ECHA supports PFAS restriction with targeted derogations (RAC final opinion and SEAC draft opinion)
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), 2026-03-26. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- IARC Monographs evaluate the carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), 2023-12-01. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Acrylamide
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- World squanders over 1 billion meals a day: UN report (Food Waste Index Report 2024)
UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 2024-03-27. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Regulators
Government food-safety authorities: FDA, USDA FSIS, US EPA, the UK Food Standards Agency, FSAI.
- Questions and answers on PFAS in food
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- Authorized uses of PFAS in food contact applications
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Fact sheet: 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Safe minimum internal temperature chart
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, 2025-04-14. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Leftovers and food safety
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, 2020-07-31. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- "Danger zone" (40 °F to 140 °F)
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Kitchen thermometers
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Cutting boards and food safety
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Freezing and food safety
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Shelf-stable food safety
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- How to chill, freeze and defrost food safely
Food Standards Agency (UK), 2017-12-18. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Cooking your food
Food Standards Agency (UK), 2017-12-18. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Acrylamide
Food Standards Agency (UK), 2018-01-09. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Home food fact checker
Food Standards Agency (UK), 2026-08-21. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Safety of aluminium from dietary intake
Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Law
The legal text itself, from the Official Journal of the European Union.
- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/784, adding PFOA to the EU Regulation on persistent organic pollutants
Official Journal of the European Union (EUR-Lex), 2020-04-08. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Peer-reviewed papers
Studies and reviews published in scientific journals.
- Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking (J Agric Food Chem 2013;61(39):9495-9501)
Kamerud KL, Hobbie KA, Anderson KA, 2013. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- Raman imaging for the identification of Teflon microplastics and nanoplastics released from non-stick cookware (Sci Total Environ 2022;851:158293)
Luo Y, Gibson CT, Chuah C, Tang Y, Naidu R, Fang C, 2022. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Metal fume fever and polymer fume fever (Clin Toxicol 2015;53(4):195-203)
Greenberg MI, Vearrier D, 2015. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Polymer fume fever (BMJ Case Rep 2012:bcr2012007790)
Shimizu T, Hamada O, Sasaki A, Ikeda M, 2012. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Fatal toxicosis in pet birds caused by an overheated cooking pan lined with polytetrafluoroethylene (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;182(11):1248-1250)
Wells RE, 1983. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Control of Maillard reactions in foods: strategies and chemical mechanisms (J Agric Food Chem 2017;65(23):4537-4552)
Lund MN, Ray CA, 2017. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Leidenfrost dynamics (Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2013;45:197-215)
Quéré D, 2013. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Manufacturers
What a company says about its own product. Useful for care and materials, labelled as theirs.
- How to season cast iron
Lodge Cast Iron (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Beginner's guide to cast iron
Lodge Cast Iron (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- What materials and coatings are used in my Philips Airfryer?
Philips (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
- Induction compatible cookware: how to tell
Whirlpool (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- Thermolon: our healthy ceramic non-stick coating
GreenPan (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Cited in: Stainless steel, cast iron or nonstick: which pan?
- How to sharpen your WÜSTHOF knives
WÜSTHOF (manufacturer). Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.
Reference guides
Practical guides from public programmes.
- How to store fresh herbs
Love Food Hate Waste New Zealand. Read Thursday, 22 October 2026.